The Introduction of Organic Chemicals
Organic chemicals is the abbreviation of organic chemical industry, also known as the organic synthesis industry. It is an industry that mainly produces various organic raw materials with petroleum, natural gas, coal, etc. as basic raw materials.
The electric furnace method of industrial production of calcium carbide started at the end of the 19th century, which created conditions for the synthesis of basic organic products from acetylene using coal as the basic raw material. Around 1910, the industrial production of tetrachloroethane, trichloroethylene, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, etc. from acetylene was realized in Germany. Then, before World War II, other products synthesized from acetylene were successively put into Germany. Production. Another main route using coal as the basic raw material is to synthesize basic organic products from synthesis gas or carbon monoxide. The success of methanol synthesis in Germany in 1923 started the history of using synthesis gas as an industrial synthesis raw material. With the development of the petroleum refining industry, the use of petroleum hydrocarbon feedstocks to synthesize organic products has always attracted attention. On the one hand, starting from petroleum hydrocarbons, through the processes of cracking to olefins, acetylenes, and converting into synthesis gas, industrial production has been realized successively; on the other hand, since the industrial production of isopropanol synthesized from propylene in 1920, the organic The synthesis industry has continued to develop greatly. The above illustrates that the basic organic chemical industry has shifted from coal as the basic raw material to petroleum hydrocarbons as the basic raw material, and from the synthesis of acetylene as the raw material to the synthesis of olefins as the raw material. Generally speaking, a large part or major part of basic organic chemicals is also commonly called petrochemicals.
The direct raw materials of the basic organic chemical industry include hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, ethylene, acetylene, propylene, aliphatic hydrocarbons above C4, benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, etc. From crude oil, petroleum fractions or low-carbon alkane cracking gas, refinery gas, and coal gas, after separation treatment, it can be made into aliphatic hydrocarbon raw materials for different purposes; from catalytic reforming reformed gasoline, hydrocarbon cracking pyrolysis gasoline, and from coal tar from coal retorting, aromatics can be separated from raw materials; appropriate petroleum fractions can also be used directly as raw materials for certain products; from wet natural gas, other low-carbon alkanes other than methane can be separated; from coal gasification, natural gas, and refining The steam conversion or partial oxidation of factory gas, petroleum distillate or crude oil can be used to make synthesis gas; Calcium carbide made from coke, or acetylene can be made from natural gas and naphtha cracking. In addition, raw materials can also be obtained from agricultural and forestry by-products.
The uses of basic organic chemical products can be summarized in three main areas:
①The raw materials for the production of synthetic rubber [2], synthetic fibers [3], plastics, and other polymer chemical products, that is, monomers for polymerization reactions;
②Other organic chemical industries, including raw materials for fine chemical products;
③Used for certain direct consumption according to the nature of the product, such as solvents, refrigerants, antifreezes, heat carriers, gas absorbents, and directly used in medicine as anesthetics and disinfectants.
It can be seen from the above that the importance of basic organic chemicals is the basis for the development of various organic chemicals production and a major part of the modern industrial structure.
There are many varieties of basic organic chemical products, which can be classified according to their chemical composition as shown in the table. This classification has a certain degree of flexibility because many substances contain two or more specific elements or two or more groups, and they are often classified into a certain category according to their main characteristics.
Basic organic chemical products can also be classified according to the raw materials used:
① Syngas products (see Syngas).
②Methane products (see methane).
③Ethylene products (see ethylene).
④ Propylene products (see Propylene).
⑤Aliphatic hydrocarbon products above C4 (see C4 fraction; C5 fraction).
⑥ Acetylene products (see Acetylene).
⑦Aromatics series products (see Aromatics).
Starting from each of the above types of raw materials, a series of products can be made.
The History of Organic Chemicals
The electric furnace method of industrial production of calcium carbide started at the end of the 19th century, which created conditions for the synthesis of basic organic products from acetylene using coal as the basic raw material. Around 1910, the industrial production of tetrachloroethane, trichloroethylene, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, etc. from acetylene was realized in Germany. Then, before World War II, other products synthesized from acetylene were successively put into Germany. Production. Another main route using coal as the basic raw material is to synthesize basic organic products from synthesis gas or carbon monoxide. The success of methanol synthesis in Germany in 1923 started the history of using synthesis gas as an industrial synthesis raw material. With the development of the petroleum refining industry, the use of petroleum hydrocarbon feedstocks to synthesize organic products has always attracted attention. On the one hand, starting from petroleum hydrocarbons, through the processes of cracking to olefins, acetylenes, and converting into synthesis gas, industrial production has been realized successively; on the other hand, since the industrial production of isopropanol synthesized from propylene in 1920, the organic The synthesis industry has continued to develop greatly. The above illustrates that the basic organic chemical industry has shifted from coal as the basic raw material to petroleum hydrocarbons as the basic raw material, and from the synthesis of acetylene as the raw material to the synthesis of olefins as the raw material. Generally speaking, a large part or major part of basic organic chemicals is also commonly called petrochemicals.
The Structure of Organic Chemicals
The direct raw materials of the basic organic chemical industry include hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, ethylene, acetylene, propylene, aliphatic hydrocarbons above C4, benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, etc. From crude oil, petroleum fractions or low-carbon alkane cracking gas, refinery gas, and coal gas, after separation treatment, it can be made into aliphatic hydrocarbon raw materials for different purposes; from catalytic reforming reformed gasoline, hydrocarbon cracking pyrolysis gasoline, and from coal tar from coal retorting, aromatics can be separated from raw materials; appropriate petroleum fractions can also be used directly as raw materials for certain products; from wet natural gas, other low-carbon alkanes other than methane can be separated; from coal gasification, natural gas, and refining The steam conversion or partial oxidation of factory gas, petroleum distillate or crude oil can be used to make synthesis gas; Calcium carbide made from coke, or acetylene can be made from natural gas and naphtha cracking. In addition, raw materials can also be obtained from agricultural and forestry by-products.
The Usage of Organic Chemicals
The uses of basic organic chemical products can be summarized in three main areas:
①The raw materials for the production of synthetic rubber [2], synthetic fibers [3], plastics, and other polymer chemical products, that is, monomers for polymerization reactions;
②Other organic chemical industries, including raw materials for fine chemical products;
③Used for certain direct consumption according to the nature of the product, such as solvents, refrigerants, antifreezes, heat carriers, gas absorbents, and directly used in medicine as anesthetics and disinfectants.
It can be seen from the above that the importance of basic organic chemicals is the basis for the development of various organic chemicals production and a major part of the modern industrial structure.
The Products of Organic Chemicals
There are many varieties of basic organic chemical products, which can be classified according to their chemical composition as shown in the table. This classification has a certain degree of flexibility because many substances contain two or more specific elements or two or more groups, and they are often classified into a certain category according to their main characteristics.
Basic organic chemical products can also be classified according to the raw materials used:
① Syngas products (see Syngas).
②Methane products (see methane).
③Ethylene products (see ethylene).
④ Propylene products (see Propylene).
⑤Aliphatic hydrocarbon products above C4 (see C4 fraction; C5 fraction).
⑥ Acetylene products (see Acetylene).
⑦Aromatics series products (see Aromatics).
Starting from each of the above types of raw materials, a series of products can be made.
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